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- <text id=89TT3062>
- <title>
- Nov. 20, 1989: Wall Of Shame:1961-1989
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Nov. 20, 1989 Freedom!
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 42
- Wall of Shame -- 1961-1989
- </hdr><body>
- <p> The geography of the past is studded with walled cities.
- Jerusalem and Rome, to name but two from antiquity, fortified
- themselves against enemies without. Later, in medieval times,
- the citizens of London and Paris built and rebuilt ramparts to
- safeguard their liberties, ones that many of their rural
- contemporaries, burdened with the feudal status of serf, were
- denied. Only in the 20th century has a city had a wall rammed
- through its innards, circumscribing the freedom of two-thirds
- of its people, forcing upon them a serf-like tie to the land.
- Only in Berlin.
- </p>
- <p> Images of the violation recur. When Berliners in the
- Soviet-run sector woke on the morning of Aug. 13, 1961, to find
- families sundered and the city rived by barbed wire -- and soon
- concrete -- many frantically sought routes of escape. The Berlin
- Wall was meant to halt a tide of migrants to the West that had
- left East Germany short of workers and threatened the stability
- of the Communist regime: more than 2.7 million had departed
- since the founding of the German Democratic Republic in 1949,
- 30,000 in July 1961 alone.
- </p>
- <p> At first, buildings along the new boundary afforded windows
- on the West. Many refugees leaped, some into fire nets, others
- to the pavement; more than a few died in the fall. After the
- regime bricked up the windows, the resourceful tunneled beneath
- the 20-ft. "death strip" and its mines and gun emplacements. The
- most daring efforts came from Wall jumpers, who confronted head
- on the "antifascist protective barrier," as the jargon of
- totalitarianism described the Wall. In their jagged sprints,
- dodging searchlight beams and bullets, they created a theater
- of longing where the value of freedom -- and the maleficence of
- its denial -- found an extraordinary visual expression. In 1962,
- in one of the most publicized instances, 18-year-old Peter
- Fechter, an East Berlin bricklayer, was cut down by machine-gun
- fire as he tried to scale the Wall and, in plain view of Western
- policemen and reporters, was left lying for an hour while he
- bled to death; finally East German border guards retrieved his
- body. Fechter was one of an estimated 75 who have been killed
- over the past 28 years while trying to escape across the
- barrier.
- </p>
- <p> The significance of the Wall extended far beyond the city,
- far beyond Germany. It became an epitome of the partitioning of
- Europe, the overarching symbol of the cold war and one of the
- places where the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact came
- gunsight to gunsight. After the magnificent oratory of John F.
- Kennedy's "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, it was de rigueur for
- U.S. Presidents -- and other Western leaders -- to come and
- shake their fists at the Wall and call down imprecations against
- those who had conceived and built it. But the barrier also stood
- as a reminder of the limits of power in the nuclear age.
- Paradoxically, the Wall, despised though it was, acted as a
- bulwark for stability in Europe, ratifying two spheres of
- influence and thus maintaining the alternative of cold war to
- hot war. It was the most palpable evidence of a deep wound in
- European civilization -- and it is finally gone.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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